In addition to classical lens design features, it combines advanced ray tracing, analysis, and optimization methods with a highspeed macro language to solve a wide variety of new problems in optical design. Optical lens design is the process of designing a lens to meet a set of performance requirements and constraints, including cost and manufacturing limitations. Circle of confusion from basic photographic materials and processes, stroebel et al. Barry johnson is a disciple of conrady and kingslake, and who has a deep background in lens. Pdf using an open source tool based on nvidias optix engine, the applicability of gpuaccelerated ray tracing to optical simulation is investigated.
Lecture notes optics pdf 57p this note covers the following topics. A key step in lens design is trigonometric ray tracing. Overall, my goal is to make the fundamentals of ray tracing understandable. Use ray tracing techniques tracing techniques to construct images. Ray tracing for intraocular lens calculation request pdf. Openraytrace is an optical lens design software that performs ray tracing. To design optical imageforming systems, we must model the propagation of light from the object source to the optic, the action of the optic on the incident light distribution, and. Sections on tolerancing, stray light, and optical systems are followed by an appendix covering related topics such as optical materials, nonimaging concepts, designing for sampled imaging, and ray tracing fundamentals. This topic is covered in the formulary of chapter 24, along with other valuable and frequently used.
We can discuss otf optical transfer function and wavefront aberrations, but very often raytracing is at the core of the design. Draw a ray from top of object through center of lens. Basic ray tracing algorithm for every pixel cast a ray from the eye for every object in the scene find intersections with the ray keep it if closest compute color at the intersection point construct a ray 3d parametric line. The art of backoftheenvelope paraxial raytracing education. Welford in his book aberrations of optical systems, adam hilger, ltd. Oslo premium, and a free educational version, oslo edu. We make one exception to the no ray tracing rule, namely for the tracing of paraxial rays, which a lens designer often carries out by hand, or with a programmed pocket calculator. Ray tracing is a technique that can generate near photorealistic computer images. The volume is organised such that the single spherical refracting surface is the basic optical element. Pdf gpuaccelerated ray tracing for optical simulation and design.
This concise, introductory book provides an overview of the subtle art of lens design. For this reason chromatic aberration correction is usually accomplished with real ray tracing. We exploit the phenomenon of total internal reflection when designing light. Geometrical optics is the treatment of the passage of light through lenses, prisms, etc. It is assumed that the reader is familiar with raytracing procedures, paraxial. Oslo standard provides a computing environment for optical design. It is not necessary to deal with surfacebysurface raytracing here. The fourth edition now contains cuttingedge information on optical engineering theory, design, and practice, including new chapters on ray.
Ray tracing, matrix approach, aberrations, imaging, lagrange invariant. Barry johnson, in lens design fundamentals second edition, 2010. A wide range of free software and commercial software is available for producing these images. Such telescopes are frequently used with some type of scanning sensor and require the pupil of the telescope to be external to it so that the sensor and telescope pupils can mate. Sasian optical sciences center university of arizona tucson, arizona 85721 usa abstract lens design is a widely spread field of optical engineering and virtually all opticaldevices that are manufactured involve some lens design. This book is the culmination of twentyfive years of teaching geometrical optics. These paraxial and thinlens engineering approximations simplify most optical systems by enabling the use of a short set of ray tracing rules for spherical lenses. Without ray tracing, system design is much more difficult, expensive, and timeintensive. This section covers the fundamentals of nonsequential ray tracing. Pdf handbook of optical design second edition kingsley. Ray tracing lenses diverging lens focal lengths less than zero 1. The latest advances in optical engineering and lens technology. Superior optical design software two editions oslo is available in two editions.
Participants will learn how to design various lenses from simple landscape lens to the complex triplet. Paraxial ray tracing and real ray tracing are great ways to approximate optical lens performance before finalizing a design and going into production. Parameters include surface profile types spherical, aspheric, holographic, diffractive, etc. The webinar includes a demonstration of setting up a lens system geometry, tracing rays through a system, and storing information about the intensity and optical path length along rays. Its not so easy to send light where it should go source. This course provides an introduction to optical science with elementary engineering applications. The knowledge and skills achieved in this course will prepare participants for advanced level study in optical design. This software also serves as an introduction to the use of commercial lens design software. There are many places in this book where an expert on the subject could fairly say, \there is a faster way to do that or \a more sophisticated approach is possible, but in every case where i have had to make a choice, i have leaned toward making this as gentle an intro.
Most optical calculations are done by tracing rays of light and, therefore, for competent lens design, it is important to have an understanding about how ray tracing is performed. Modern lens design mcgrawhill professional engineering. The art of exerting paraxial raytracing through lenses with no help of computers or calculators. This chapter provides an introduction to ray tracing, to ray tracing pitfalls, and to some useful ray tracing techniques. These are simply not necessary for a book on lens design. Oslo premium is the professional edition of oslo and includes features such as ray tracing and optimization of nonsequential groups, lens arrays, thinfilm coatings, polarization ray tracing. Manipulate the position of an object and the focal length of the lens and measure the. Ray tracing lenses observe light rays that pass through a convex or concave lens. This book is intended to introduce the mathematical tools that can be applied to model and predict. This practical, handson course will provide you with the fundamental principles in optical lens design. Optical engineers working in lens design will find this book an invaluable guide to lens design in traditional and emerging areas of application.
The first edition of this book was published as handbook of lens design. We humans are inherently good at recognizing patterns, much more than computers. Dimensional ray tracing optical design using excel. Pdf ray tracing methods for correcting chromatic aberrations in. Manipulate the position of an object and the focal length of the lens and measure the distance and size of the resulting image. The choice of prescription specification is a little different from most other lens design and ray tracing programs. A collection of electronic material related to the text is available atoptics. Exact ray tracing in matlab maria ruizgonzalez introduction this tutorial explains how to program a simple geometric ray tracing program in matlab, which can be written in any other programming language like c or python and extended to add elements and complexity. She holds three patents, wrote three book chapters. A large part of this book is devoted to a study of possible design procedures for various types of lens or mirror systems, with fully worked examples of each. Lenses and depth of field prepared by behzad sajadi. Calculations can be performed either directly on the excel cells, or by using a vba program. Lens designers have found it challenging to design highmagnification afocal telescopes that can operate simultaneously over very broad portions of the visible and infrared spectrums 12.
Online access to spie ebooks is limited to subscribing. Programs also include a variety of analysis modules to aid the lens designer in assessing progress other than by the merit. Lens design fundamentals by kingslake, rudolf ebook. The basic lens design optimization program includes modules for ray tracing, aberration generation, constraints, merit function, and optimization.
Oslo is a powerful optical design program with the scope. Spherical mirrors are treated as special cases of refraction, with. In physics, ray tracing refers to the practice of tracing rays through physical elements and media with the aim of analyzing their. It is not necessary to deal with surfacebysurface ray tracing here. This innovation increased the speed of manual ray tracing. It is shown in most basic books on optics see references listed at end of this. Conrady in applied optics and optical design and rudolph kingslake in lens design fundamentals, first edition. Intraocular lens design, corneal asphericity, and specific spherical aberration influence the visual quality of the pseudophakic eye significantly. Chapter 36 lenses a powerpoint presentation by paul e.
Chapter 34 handbook of optics photonics research group. This note provides an introduction to optical science with elementary engineering applications. However, existing optimization tools in lens design software. Ray tracing analysis indicated that a dualoptic design with a high pluspower front optic coupled to an optically compensatory minus posterior optic produced greater change in conjugation power. Raytrace lens worksheet minnesota state university. For example, lens design genius and lens design hero of mine, ludwig bertele knew about aberration theory, but supposedly never used the theory for his lens designs. This book holds a unique place in the optics literature. A lens is a piece of transparent material whose surfaces have been shaped so that, when the lens is in another transparent material call it medium 0, light traveling in medium 0, upon passing through the lens, is redirected to create an image of the light source. Bertele relied on ray tracing the lens system, looking at the performance, and changing the shapeindexthickness of the lens design to get better performance. A typical algorith minimizes a figure of merit, a function depending on a few traced rays.
A light ray from a source goes in a straight line through the air, but when it encounters a lens, prism, or mirror it bends or changes direction. Use this book along with julie bentleys online course. The nal two chapters of the book demonstrate the incomplete nature of classical optics and provide a brief introduction to quantum optics. It is assumed that the reader has access to a small computer to help with the ray tracing, otherwise he may find the computations so time. Observe light rays that pass through a convex or concave lens. It adds impressive building blocks to the foundation established by a. The primary function of optical design software is to produce a mathematical description, or prescription. It is also assumed that the reader has access to a computer lens design and analysis program.